Composite Column (Compiled by Arulanandan M)

 




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NOTCHES AND WEIRs

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   NOTCH ,WEIR AND ITS TYPES Notch A  notch  may be defined as an obstruction over which the flow of liquid occurs   In case of measuring tank or reservoir, the opening is provided at the side of the tank such that the liquid surface in the tank is below the top edge of the opening. Weir A  weir  is a notch on a large scale used for measuring the flow of a river, canal etc. It is a concrete or masonry structure of substantial breadth built across the river in the direction of flow. This allows the excess water to flow over its entire length to the downstream side. Thus a weir is similar to a small dam constructed across the river, with a difference that the excess water flows downstream only through a small portion called  spillway  and in case of weir, the excess water flows over its entire length. Nappe and crest The sheet of water flowing through a notch or over a weir is known as  nappe  or  vein . The bott...
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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF G.D NAIDU FLYOVER IN COIMBATORE

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The G.D. Naidu Elevated Bridge is a 10.10 km four-lane flyover in Coimbatore, India, costing approximately ₹1,791 crore, designed to significantly reduce travel time on the congested Avinashi Road by bypassing 12 intersections.  The construction features eight ramps for connectivity, roller crash barriers for safety, and environmental elements like 4,500 plants and 220 rainwater harvesting structures.  The project started in 2020 and was expedited after 2021, with the final inauguration taking place in October 2025.   Key Construction Details   Project Type:   Four-lane elevated flyover. Length :  Approximately 10.10 kilometers. Route :  Extends from Uppilipalayam to Goldwins, covering Avinashi Road. Purpose :  To decongest Avinashi Road by bypassing over 12 traffic intersections. Cost :  Estimated at around ₹1,791 crore. Timeline :  Announced in 2020, work was expedited after 2021, with inauguration in October 2025. Str...
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Instruments used for chain surveying -TS

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Instruments used for chain surveying             Classification of surveying:      Chain Surveying Compass Surveying   Plane Table Surveying   Tachometric Surveying Etc.     Instruments used for chain surveying: The various instruments used in chain surveying are as follows.     Chain   Arrows   Pegs   Ranging Rods   Offset Rods   Plumb Bob   1.  Chain:   Chains are used to measure horizontal distances. Chains are formed of straight links of galvanized mild steel wire called links. The ends of each link are bent into a loop hand connected together by means of three oval rings which afford flexibility to the chain.           The chains made of mind steel. The ends of the chin are provided with brass handles for dragging the chain on the ground. The outside of the handle is the zero point or the end point of t...
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