how to calculate wood measurement


 

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NOTCHES AND WEIRs

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   NOTCH ,WEIR AND ITS TYPES Notch A  notch  may be defined as an obstruction over which the flow of liquid occurs   In case of measuring tank or reservoir, the opening is provided at the side of the tank such that the liquid surface in the tank is below the top edge of the opening. Weir A  weir  is a notch on a large scale used for measuring the flow of a river, canal etc. It is a concrete or masonry structure of substantial breadth built across the river in the direction of flow. This allows the excess water to flow over its entire length to the downstream side. Thus a weir is similar to a small dam constructed across the river, with a difference that the excess water flows downstream only through a small portion called  spillway  and in case of weir, the excess water flows over its entire length. Nappe and crest The sheet of water flowing through a notch or over a weir is known as  nappe  or  vein . The bott...
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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF G.D NAIDU FLYOVER IN COIMBATORE

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The G.D. Naidu Elevated Bridge is a 10.10 km four-lane flyover in Coimbatore, India, costing approximately ₹1,791 crore, designed to significantly reduce travel time on the congested Avinashi Road by bypassing 12 intersections.  The construction features eight ramps for connectivity, roller crash barriers for safety, and environmental elements like 4,500 plants and 220 rainwater harvesting structures.  The project started in 2020 and was expedited after 2021, with the final inauguration taking place in October 2025.   Key Construction Details   Project Type:   Four-lane elevated flyover. Length :  Approximately 10.10 kilometers. Route :  Extends from Uppilipalayam to Goldwins, covering Avinashi Road. Purpose :  To decongest Avinashi Road by bypassing over 12 traffic intersections. Cost :  Estimated at around ₹1,791 crore. Timeline :  Announced in 2020, work was expedited after 2021, with inauguration in October 2025. Str...
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Deep Foundations

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  Deep Foundations Unlike shallow foundations, which are placed closer to the surface, deep foundations are used when the depth from the ground surface to the underside of the foundation exceeds five times the width of the foundation. They are suitable for heavy structures or when the soil near the surface is not strong enough. Pile foundations, pier foundations and caisson foundations are the primary types of deep foundations. Pile Foundations These foundations are made up of long, slender structural elements called piles. Piles are driven deep into the ground to transfer the load of the structure to stronger, more stable soil or rock layers. Pier Foundations Similar to pile foundations, pier foundations consist of cylindrical or rectangular columns that are drilled or driven deep into the ground to bear the load of the structure. Caisson Foundations Caisson foundations are used when the load of the structure needs to be transferred to lower layers of soil or rock. They are constr...
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