Deep Foundations

 

Deep Foundations



Unlike shallow foundations, which are placed closer to the surface, deep foundations are used when the depth from the ground surface to the underside of the foundation exceeds five times the width of the foundation. They are suitable for heavy structures or when the soil near the surface is not strong enough. Pile foundations, pier foundations and caisson foundations are the primary types of deep foundations.

Pile Foundations

These foundations are made up of long, slender structural elements called piles. Piles are driven deep into the ground to transfer the load of the structure to stronger, more stable soil or rock layers.



Pier Foundations

Similar to pile foundations, pier foundations consist of cylindrical or rectangular columns that are drilled or driven deep into the ground to bear the load of the structure.



Caisson Foundations



Caisson foundations are used when the load of the structure needs to be transferred to lower layers of soil or rock. They are constructed by excavating a shaft, placing a reinforcement cage, and filling it with concrete to form a watertight structure.

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