Principles of Pre-stressing shared by Arulanandan M


 

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Instruments used for chain surveying -TS

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Instruments used for chain surveying             Classification of surveying:      Chain Surveying Compass Surveying   Plane Table Surveying   Tachometric Surveying Etc.     Instruments used for chain surveying: The various instruments used in chain surveying are as follows.     Chain   Arrows   Pegs   Ranging Rods   Offset Rods   Plumb Bob   1.  Chain:   Chains are used to measure horizontal distances. Chains are formed of straight links of galvanized mild steel wire called links. The ends of each link are bent into a loop hand connected together by means of three oval rings which afford flexibility to the chain.           The chains made of mind steel. The ends of the chin are provided with brass handles for dragging the chain on the ground. The outside of the handle is the zero point or the end point of t...
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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF G.D NAIDU FLYOVER IN COIMBATORE

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The G.D. Naidu Elevated Bridge is a 10.10 km four-lane flyover in Coimbatore, India, costing approximately ₹1,791 crore, designed to significantly reduce travel time on the congested Avinashi Road by bypassing 12 intersections.  The construction features eight ramps for connectivity, roller crash barriers for safety, and environmental elements like 4,500 plants and 220 rainwater harvesting structures.  The project started in 2020 and was expedited after 2021, with the final inauguration taking place in October 2025.   Key Construction Details   Project Type:   Four-lane elevated flyover. Length :  Approximately 10.10 kilometers. Route :  Extends from Uppilipalayam to Goldwins, covering Avinashi Road. Purpose :  To decongest Avinashi Road by bypassing over 12 traffic intersections. Cost :  Estimated at around ₹1,791 crore. Timeline :  Announced in 2020, work was expedited after 2021, with inauguration in October 2025. Str...
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Deep Foundations

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  Deep Foundations Unlike shallow foundations, which are placed closer to the surface, deep foundations are used when the depth from the ground surface to the underside of the foundation exceeds five times the width of the foundation. They are suitable for heavy structures or when the soil near the surface is not strong enough. Pile foundations, pier foundations and caisson foundations are the primary types of deep foundations. Pile Foundations These foundations are made up of long, slender structural elements called piles. Piles are driven deep into the ground to transfer the load of the structure to stronger, more stable soil or rock layers. Pier Foundations Similar to pile foundations, pier foundations consist of cylindrical or rectangular columns that are drilled or driven deep into the ground to bear the load of the structure. Caisson Foundations Caisson foundations are used when the load of the structure needs to be transferred to lower layers of soil or rock. They are constr...
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